Josh+S

= Joshua Schaeffer's Epic Lab Page =

__STATES OF MATTER__

__Solids__

__Liquids__
 * Solids have a definite shape
 * Solids have a definite volume
 * The particles of a solid vibrate slowly
 * Particles are packed tightly together [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MCGBQSKXhMbaenmdIShhq9HGYK2RYRSlb4vkXUL8ZdOHMeTV7ByJq2yFsvrQ-A9bmt-DAoOy5HSPt0eKXFCQurEaw_OikWDCYOeLYm5NeVG8_aYMBV-3eIpbh2AhUA]]


 * Liquids have no definite shape
 * Liquids have a definite volume
 * The particles of a liquid move past each other more than a solid
 * __Viscosity__is the measure of liquids to flow
 * Syrup has a high viscosity
 * __Elasticity__is the ability of a substance to stretch

__Gas__

__Boyle's Law__
 * Have no definite shape
 * No definite volume
 * Gas has no odor
 * Can be compressed
 * Can expand
 * Gas particles are more scattered [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/MLK36SAteS-XH9NZPFmCS3L7uK13uqxO1nxU-e6S700wI2Nf8CMT-GqTSGV2j7nsQ8y9eF00D1Nca1cXZyVINhEztrLjc4zApmUMASSE6ndon04B80Jt71p6ShHQng]]


 * volume varies inversely with pressure

__Charles’ Law__


 * Direct relationship between temperature and volume [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/HI4N-nwcWCP-OaRW9PgeWHt4xn-Oxu5fcAwdHsnR8Dx-QDtORMobi7K6U0CelhjPigMYnoyinU03ieB-zeBzomXTfYgFVX4LDYc1TOuqLO-ezaeT7nR-FFcjPej6Ng]]
 * Volume decreases with low temperature
 * Volume increases with high temperature

__Plasma__


 * Sun contains plasma
 * Plasma is rare on Earth
 * Very high energy gas like mixture common in stars In
 * In fluorescent lights Plasma is converted into mercury

__Phase Changes__


 * Energy is the key to phase changes
 * Phase change is matter changing its state or phase

__Melting/change in state__


 * Changing of a solid to a liquid
 * Melting occurs when matter gains heat
 * __Melting point__ at which a solid change to a liquid
 * __Vaporization__ is the process of a liquid changing into a gas
 * Boiling is the process of a liquid changing into a gas at its boiling point
 * Boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius or 210 degrees fahrenheit
 * Evaporation is vaporization that occurs at the surface of liquids
 * Condensation is the process of a gas changing into a liquid
 * Freezing is the process of a liquid changing to a solid
 * Freezing point is a temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid
 * Sublimation is a solid changes directly from a solid to a gas

Video Quiz
 * 1) Volume
 * 2)  shape [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/VWZYOG1tByNBaRL88nbm0177YTGcOEJ23ErsdAQVIjlgDzCu-pjthtBirwNizWh2kWGLAmXRFyjlxNwCmNPlOu1JISF2Gi8K3sf1qehvisRL8Qq4GtHjZT5mGK2-5g]]
 * 3) viscosity
 * 4) Preasure
 * 5) Charles law
 * 6) Plasma
 * 7) Melting
 * 8) Condensation
 * 9) 0 degrees
 * 10) Energy

`

__Energy__

__Work, force, and energy__


 * Force = push or pull
 * work = force times distance
 * Work is only accomplished when a force moves an object some distance
 * energy is the ability to do work
 * metric system newton-meter or joule

__Energy from the sun__


 * Fuel is the source of energy for machines
 * Food is the source of energy for animals
 * The plants source of energy are the sun
 * The sun travel light from 93 million miles
 * Photosynthesis plants food source is sunlight, water, minerals, and carbon dioxide
 * A food chain is the process which is taken from the sun
 * The amount of energy food contains is calories
 * fossil fuels are an source of energy

__Potential and kinetic energy__


 * potential energy is stored energy or energy of position
 * kinetic energy is the energy of motion
 * Batteries have chemical potential energy
 * Chemical energy can be converted to electrical energy [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/7fYKqZjk7Kroh5erjanuhVjZPpUKPizz5m4e66DSVn6c9FrtMYtKJmV8ciPBly1xoIEMWRHdN5fL5_l9YzkGLQjuTkqNEKGM5RZ6wmGjkVMXJz9KOsyajhHnEsopdA]]
 * Food has chemical energy
 * Wood has chemical energy

__The seven forms of energy__


 * Mechanical, heat, radiant, electrical, sound, and nuclear are seven forms of energy
 * __Mechanical energy__ is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy
 * __Heat energy__ is related to the movement of the particles that make up matter ( molecules in motion)
 * __Electrical energy__ is the movement of electrons


 * __radiant energy__ which is electromagnetic radiation
 * __Nuclear energy__ has to deal with the nucleus or center of an atom
 * When the nucleus of an atom splits its called __fission__
 * Hydrogen atoms fuse to make helium
 * __Fusion__ is when Nuclei join together [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FR8Z5IcGusUkkvEu5hENl1oyYamO3oDTa4L1ShZTAXgTjOrA-iLGXF3KCSikU5SZfx5QddnJE0TiXhtRPPwRaxCfqocYp6UojaLN8V-xi2iYvOGx6nGe3y_b28SbHg width="591" height="344"]]

__The Law of conservation of energy__


 * Energy cannot be created or destroyed
 * It only can be converted from one form to another
 * Heat energy and sound energy are produce
 * Kinetic energy depends on how much mass an object has and how fast the object is moving

__Atoms__ __,__ __Compounds,__ __Elements,__ __and__ __Mixtures__

__Atoms__
 * Everything is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
 * Atoms means it is a uncuttable piece
 * Atoms are too small to see under microscope
 * Protons and neutrons are in the Nucleus of an Atom
 * Electrons repel each other which makes it seem like a solid
 * Atoms are mostly empty space
 * Atoms are the building blocks of all matter
 * Atoms are like letters and molecules are like words
 * Atoms are different from one another from the number of protons in the nuclease
 * Protons are made of quark

__Compounds__


 * Compounds are made of molecules
 * The compound water can be made into the 2 elements oxygen and hydrogen using the process electrolysis
 * Compounds have a specific ratio of elements(for example water is 2 parts hydrogen and 1 part oxygen)

__Elements__


 * There are 92 naturally occurring elements
 * Each element is given a atomic number
 * All elements are made from carbon



Journal entry #1

we are trying to find the weight of the car and the height of the ramp. Potential energy of the car is 0.02 joules.

December 13 2013

__//**Temperature**//__

__Materials__


 * Metal-Felt the coldest
 * Cardboard-Felt warm
 * Plastic-Felt warm
 * Foam-Felt warmest
 * Tile-Felt cold
 * Wood-Felt warm

__Temperatures in Celsius__


 * Metal-the-21.6
 * Cardboard-20.6
 * Plastic-21.6
 * Foam-21.6
 * Tile-19.2
 * Wood-20.4

Hands don't tell temperature they sense heat.

//__**Heat**__//- the transfer of energy between objects that are different temperatures

//December 16 2013//


 * __//Temperature//__-** a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object (thermal energy is the total KE of the particles but temperature is the average KE of the particles)

__//**Thermal equilibrium**//__- is when there is no change in either objects in thermal energy

Test Subject Which tub of water is the warmest?
 * Zac || Tub B ||
 * Eddie || Tub B ||
 * Luke || Tub B ||
 * Josh || Tub B ||


 * One hand in ice water
 * One hand in warm water

Tub B- 20.8 degrees Celsius

Tub A- 21.6 degrees Celsius

Hands only sense the movement of energy not the actual temperature

Journal Entry #2: The temperature of the water was in between both the hot water and cold water was 45 degrees Celsius.

Q

H

IV

DV

C


 * Trial || Hot water temperature || Cold water temperature || Mixed water temperature ||
 * || 60 || 30 || 45 ||
 * || 80 || 6 || 41.8 ||
 * || 79.8 || 6.7 || 40.3 ||
 * || 80 || 8 || 40 ||
 * || 69 || 20 || 35 ||
 * || 69 || 20 || 35 ||

The average temperature of the hot and cold mixture was around 40 degrees Celsius

Heat Technology Research Notes https://docs.google.com/a/qcsd.k12.pa.us/presentation/d/1i13NLy_5mGa8MfYe6S0eR0PXz_12PfOiBasunPa_rGk/edit

Refrigeration https://docs.google.com/a/qcsd.k12.pa.us/presentation/d/1HTYaSDMDFNj1UAd2XPgQ2xLRud82-aY3exD-JtguXSc/edit

__Energy Notes__

__Non Renewable resources__


 * Most energy in the United States is nonrenewable
 * Once an nonrenewable resource is used it cannot be replaced
 * Fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, petroleum, and propane
 * Fossil fuels are 300 million years old
 * Coal is used for 91 percent for electricity
 * Coal contributes to acid rain by sulfur
 * 300 year supply of coal
 * Scrubbers in smoke stacks can get rid of sulfur from the air
 * natural gas is mainly used for heating
 * natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel
 * natural gas can be generated at landfills
 * methane is the main gas associated with natural gas
 * methane is colorless and odorless
 * 60 percent of homes use natural gas for heating
 * Petroleum is another form of natural gas
 * petroleum is often referred to as oil and crude oil
 * It is used for transportation
 * After crude oil is taken from the ground it is taken to a refinery
 * at the refinery crude oil is separated to many different parts
 * gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and heating oil is made from crude oil
 * propane can be found with natural gas
 * propane is an fuel used for forklifts
 * propane you can use for generators
 * It doesn't produce harmful gasses

__Renewable resources__


 * Nuclear Fusion is the source of energy from the sun
 * Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity which is generated by the sun
 * Wind turbines produce no pollution
 * Geothermal is created under the earth which converts water to steam
 * Biomass is anything that has been alive
 * The energy stored in plants can be used as fuel
 * Trash can be used to create energy
 * Methane is an good source of energy
 * Hydropower is water that is converted into energy

Energy Research Notes https://docs.google.com/a/qcsd.k12.pa.us/presentation/d/1hg8cqApCTieFz2jxc4qtkwVrKAbdfTgRhQs6XOqafCk/edit

Solar Power Project https://docs.google.com/a/qcsd.k12.pa.us/presentation/d/1azJawFNGkXXdmKZmyDnzvfae2QmpjrwqG7jkqPcI9B0/edit


 * __Chemical Families__**

My element is __**Francium**__ and my chemical family is __**Alkali Metal**__



__**Elements Project: Francium**__

https://docs.google.com/a/qcsd.k12.pa.us/presentation/d/1d0iDHd4D0fAmuAhRM1xGXGMzReVnfosngydar89Alms/edit

Radio activity

__Radioactive Decay__


 * Scientists cannot predict when an atom will decay, it happens randomly
 * Radioactivity does not act like Nuclear power plants
 * Radioactivity can give out three types of particles alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays

__Alpha Particles__


 * Alpha particles are made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
 * Alpha particles are heavy and slow
 * Because alpha particles have an low penetration rate, it can be stopped by an sheet of paper [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/XhTXZNo_clvTYzWxfyEOETioeCssyX35d_ScRdosO4GLeRbFKOGC7z6qDxNzOhI7kBd3LgZ9tvtY-hKBrDwLA0aJJUR5I10e9eXxdUgRGWLV9SHd22Pt0YW3vcup0A]]
 * They have an charge of +2 and an mass number of 4
 * Alpha particles are the same as an helium nucleus

__Beta Particles__


 * Beta particles have an charge of -1 and an mass of 1/2000th of a proton
 * Beta particles have an medium penetration where they can only be stopped by aluminum [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/EMK0KXZrFG8SDPdvY5PTvZ2-UTSz1P49BVrP-Gmf1DKifNcJyxXNe8Xn3Za09L-lLvOibnrIqVGZ3YPj00_RKooabpJmsVL7Sm9qAvmnPU1uV2LAANk0wyrXI7uO8Q]]

__Gamma Rays__


 * They are waves not particles
 * They have no mass and no charge
 * Gamma rays have an high penetration power where they can only be stopped by a thick piece of lead
 * Gamma rays are not radioactive decay

__Beta Decay__


 * The two types of beta decay is beta positive and beta negative

__Electromagnetic Radiation__


 * Electromagnetic radiation is a massless particle called photons
 * Microwaves are less energetic than light waves
 * Microwaves do not have enough energy to affect the chemical bonds.

__Sources of Radiation__

__Alpha Decay__
 * Smoke detectors releases little radiation
 * Smoke detectors absorb alpha particles
 * Scientists have a hard time understanding that the human body can heal or repair itself from radiation


 * When an atom decays it turns to another element.
 * The outer layer of human skin will protect humans from alpha particles
 * Radioactive elements on earth create gamma rays and beta particles

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EMXv_srYBS_zjkU0WSR9XD8d1iqdJbOVBR0-w6Pn7n8/edit?usp=sharing
 * __Chemical Reaction__**

=__CSI Milford__=

=Day 1 Report:=

Observations

 * A card that says if you ever want to see your precious peinguin again ransom for a roll of tickets
 * Mr Beil and Mr Hood are a part of the anti-peinguin association
 * Mrs Cravner is confused on what is going on

Background Information

 * __**Paper chromeatography**__ is to test different mixtures of markers and pens for different colors of ink

Inferences or Hypothesis

 * One of the following teachers is responssible for the missing peinguin

Tests Performed

 * Collected pens from teacher suspects

Data

 * Mrs Cravener
 * Mr Hood
 * Mr Lancos
 * Mr Beil
 * Mrs Kirchmen
 * Mrs Rhodes
 * Mrs Laguna

Conclusions
We went through all the suspects and collected a black pen from each of them. So far we have a enough evidence to prove that Mr Beil and Mr Hood are the ones who wrote the note. Mrs Cravner though is confused on the situation so it can not be her. But so far we do not have enough information to prove that it was Mr Beil and Mr Hood.

=Day 2 Report:=

Observations

 * Each pen we tested had different ink ad none were the same

Background Information

 * __**Paper chromeatography**__ is to test different mixtures of markers and pens for different colors of ink

Inferences or Hypothesis

 * Mr Hoods pen will have the same ink as the pen that wrote the ink

Tests Performed

 * We tested each of the teachers pens by puting it on chromeatography paper and puting in side a beaker filled with rubbing alchole

Data

 * Mr hoods pen it is making the color blue
 * Mr Lancos pen is making the color blue
 * Mr Beils pen is making the color blue and purple
 * Mrs Kirchmen pen is staying the same
 * Mrs Cravners pen is blue and purple
 * Mrs Rhodes pen is blue
 * Mrs Laguna pen is turning blue and purple

Conclusions
Most of the pens did not have the same ink as the others. I believe that Mr Hoods pen was the one wrote the note.

=Day 3 Report:=

Observations

 * Each of the chromeatography papers are the same shades of ink
 * The peniguin was on the floor in front of the office with a flask filled with a clear chemical. Mysteriously the peinguin was in front of the office and dr bubsar walked out when we arrived. The Peinguin kidnapper could be also Mrs Kirchman

Background Information
Density= Mass/Volume (D=M/V)

Inferences or Hypothesis
The mystery liquid will have a density above 1

Tests Performed

 * The mass of the graduated cylinder is 17.4 grams
 * The mass od the liquid with graduated cylinder is 35.1 grams
 * The mass of the liquid is 17.6
 * The density of the mystery liquid 0.88

Data
M= 17.6 g V= 20 ML D= 0.88

Conclusions
The Density of the mystery liquid that was next to the peinguin in front of the office is 0.88

=Day 4 Report:=

Observations

 * Mrs Cravners pen matches the ransom note in the chromeatography test
 * But Mrs Cravners hand writing is much different than the handwriting of the ransome note
 * Mr Hovans half sheet of paper was thought to match Mrs Cravners note and the ransome note but it is much different.

Background Information
We are using the mystery liquid to test it with temperature

Inferences or Hypothesis
I belive that th temperature will rise rapidly

Tests Performed
We tested the liquid with temperature in celcius

Data

 * =Time (min)= || =Temperature (Celcius)= ||
 * .5 || 23 degress Celcius ||
 * 1 || 26 degress Celcius ||
 * 1.5 || 29 degress Celcius ||
 * 2 || 32 degress Celcius ||
 * 2.5 || 36 degress Celcius ||
 * 3 || 43 degress Celcius ||
 * 3.5 || 51 degress Celcius ||
 * 4 || 73 degress Celcius ||
 * 4.5 || 78 degress Celciues ||
 * 5 || 79 degress Celciues ||
 * 5.5 || 79 degress Celciues ||
 * 6 || 80 degress Celciues ||
 * 6.5 || 80 degress Celciues ||
 * 7 || 80 degress Celciues ||
 * 7.5 || 80 degress Celciues ||
 * 8 || 81 degress Celciues ||
 * 8.5 || 82 degress Celciues ||
 * 9 || 82 degress Celciues ||
 * 9.5 || 82 degress Celciues ||
 * 10 || 83 degress Celciues ||
 * 10.5 || 84 degress Celciues ||
 * 11 || 86 degress Celciues ||
 * 11.5 || 89 degress Celciues ||
 * 12 || 90 degress Celciues ||
 * 12.5 || 90 degress Celciues ||
 * 13 || 92 degress Celciues ||
 * 13.5 || 94 degress Celciues ||
 * 14 || 95 degress Celciues ||
 * 14.5 || 97 degress Celciues ||
 * 15 || 97 degress Celciues ||
 * 15.5 || 97 degress Celciues ||
 * 16 || 98 degress Celciues ||
 * 16.5 || 98 degress Celciues ||

Conclusions
As we heated the liquid it moved at a steady pace. Our starting temperature was23 degrees celcius at 30 second or .5 minutes. The ending temperature was 98 degress celcius at 16.5 minutes.

=Day 5 Report:=

Observations

 * Mrs Cravners pen matches the ransom note in the chromeatography test
 * But Mrs Cravners hand writing is much different than the handwriting of the ransome note
 * Mr Hovans half sheet of paper was thought to match Mrs Cravners note and the ransome note but it is much different.

Background Information
The chromaetography test for the mystery note was tested. We tested the ink with the same procedure

Inferences or Hypothesis
I believe that mr Hood or Mr Beil will be the ones who match the mote

Tests Performed
We tested the note and all of the teacher pen/marker ink

Data

 * Mrs Craveners ink || pink, orange, and blue ||
 * Note ink || pink, orange, and blue ||

Conclusions
Mrs cravener was a match to the note. It was not a match to any other teachers ink. I never thought that it was Mrs Cravner becuase ink the begining she had no idea what we were doing. Then when we tested the ink she was a match. On a friday she admitted she did it and said that she got the liquid from Mrs Laguna. The Peinguin did make it out of the coma which is good.